Índice de CMP em leite pasteurizado comercializado em Minas Gerais, Brasil, durante os anos de 2011 a 2017 / Caseinomacropeptide index in pasteurized milk retailed in Minas Gerais, Brazil from 2011 to 2017

Cheese whey is a nutritious byproduct in the dairy industry, however, due to low commercial value, its use as a milk adulterant is a common practice not easily detected by routine analysis. In Brazil, quantification of caseinomacropeptide (CMP) index, using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), is officially used to investigate illegal cheese whey addition to milk. Milk with CMP index above 30mg/L is considered not suitable for human consumption. The objective of this research was to report the CMP index in 185 samples of pasteurized milk, representing 73 commercial brands produced in 51 counties and ten mesoregions of the state of Minas Gerais, from 2011 to 2013 (58 samples) and 2015 to 2017 (127 samples). CMP index was considered normal (up to 30mg/L) in 75.1% of the samples. However, 21.1% presented CMP index above 75mg/L and 3.8% from 31 to 75mg/L. CMP index above 75mg/L was found in 17.4% of the samples produced during the dry season (April to September) and in 24.7% during the rainy season (October to March). These data point to the need of more efficient monitoring and inspection processes to hinder adulteration with cheese whey addition to milk.(AU)

Ocorrência de não conformidades físico-químicas e microbiológicas em leite e derivados no estado de Minas Gerais, no período de 2011 a 2015 / Occurrence of physico-chemical and microbiological nonconformities in milk and dairy products in the State of Minas Gerais, from 2011 to 2015

Milk and dairy products are potential sources for spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms, and although a huge amount of data is collected by the official inspection services, only a few reports are available to the public. This study aimed to evaluate the data for physicochemical and microbiological quality of pasteurized milk and dairy products, collected for inspection at industrial establishments registered at the Instituto Mineiro de Agropecuária (IMA), which is an official inspection service in Minas Gerasi State, Brazil. A total of 192 analyzes were done in 2011, 1008 in 2012, 1368 in 2013, 1271 in 2014, 1582 in 2015, adding up to 5421 samples analyzed by standard analytical techniques in official government laboratories. The statistical analysis was descriptive. A total of 2010 analytical results were nonconform to the legal requirements. Among the results, 78 (4.3%) samples of mozzarella cheese were positive for alkaline phosphatase, and freezing point results for pasteurized milk were outside the legal requirements in 86 (10%) samples. Staphylococcus coagulase positive was above limits in 80 (4.4%) samples of mozzarella cheese. These results indicate a risk to the consumer's health even in pasteurized products, and the need for effective enforcement of good manufacturing practices in the food industries.(AU)

Avaliação da qualidade microbiológica e físico-química do leite comercializado no Distrito Federal no período de janeiro de 2015 a julho de 2017 / Evaluation of the microbiological and physical-chemical quality of milk marketed in the Federal District from January 2015 to July 2017

Introdução: O leite é um alimento de grande importância na alimentação, pois possui elevado valor nutritivo e fornece macro e micronutrientes indispensáveis ao crescimento,desenvolvimento e manutenção da saúde. Contudo, a presença de alto teor de água, proteínas, gorduras, carboidratos, minerais e vitaminas o torna vulnerável a alterações físicoquímicas e microbiológicas. O monitoramento da qualidade do leite no comércio cabe ao Sistema Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. A execução dessa ação é responsabilidade dos órgãos de Vigilância Sanitária estaduais, distrital e municipais em articulação com os Laboratórios Centrais de Saúde Pública (Lacen). Objetivo: Avaliar parâmetros microbiológicos e físicoquímicos dos leites pasteurizados e UHT comercializados no Distrito Federal (DF), por meio de laudos emitidos pelo Lacen-DF. Método: Foram analisadas 276 amostras, 228 de leites UHT e 48 de leites pasteurizados, coletadas entre 2015 e 2017. Resultados: Estavam insatisfatórias 0,4% das amostras de leite UHT, por apresentarem teor de proteína abaixo do valor de referência, e 37,5% das amostras de leite pasteurizado não atenderam aos padrões físico-químicos e microbiológicos, apresentando problemas na prova de cocção (2,1%), acidez (12,5%), teor de gordura (6,3%), SNG (12,5%), índice crioscópico (14,6%), coliformes (13,5%), rotulagem (13,5%) e avaliação sensorial (6,3%). Conclusões: Há necessidade de ação fiscalizadora permanente da Vigilância Sanitária em parceria com outros órgãos, no sentido de realizar medidas de controle de qualidade, visando garantir um alimento seguro ao consumidor.

Introduction: Milk is a food of great importance in human nutrition. Its high nutritional value provides macro and micronutrients indispensable for growth, development and maintenance of health. However, the presence of high water contents, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins makes it vulnerable to physico-chemical and microbiological changes. Monitoring of the quality of milk in trade is the responsibility of the National Health Surveillance System. The execution of this action is the responsibility of the state, district and municipal Sanitary Vigilance organs in liaison with the Central Public Health Laboratories (Lacen). Objective: To evaluate the microbiological and physico-chemical parameters of the pasteurized and UHT milks sold in the Federal District (DF), through reports issued by Lacen-DF. Methods: We analyzed 276 samples, 228 of UHT milks and 48 of pasteurized milks, collected between 2015 and 2017. Results: 0,4% of the UHT milk samples presented a protein content below the reference value and 37.5% of the pasteurized milk samples did not reach physico-chemical and microbiological standards, presenting problems in the heating test (2.1%), acidity (12.5%), fat content (6.3%), nonfat milk solids (12.5%), cryoscopic index (14.6%), coliform (13.5%), labeling (13.5%) and sensory evaluation (6.3%). Conclusions: There is a need for permanent inspection by the Sanitary Surveillance in partnership with other agencies, to promote and carry out quality control measures, ensuring a safe food product for the consumer.

Milk quality in Brazil: an overview of official analysis of sanitary monitoring / Qualidade do leite no Brasil: um panorama de análises oficiaisde monitoramento sanitário

O leite beneficiado compõe uma parte importante dos alimentos mais consumidos e comercializados no mundo; no entanto, é reconhecido como um dos alimentos mais frequentemente fraudados, necessitando de monitoramento contínuo de qualidade. Objetivou-se no trabalho estudar a qualidade do leite beneficiado no Brasil, monitorado pelo Programa Oficial do Centro Integrado de Monitoramento da Qualidade de Alimentos (CQUALI-Leite), como subsídio para melhoria e aperfeiçoamento deste programa, direcionando ações corretivas para melhoria de produtos com foco em regiões de maior problemática. Para isso, foram avaliados os resultados de análises fiscais oficiais, totalizando 1556 amostras de leite beneficiado de diversas marcas comerciais disponibilizadas no comércio nacional. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que o leite pasteurizado foi a categoria com maior índice de irregularidades e o leite em pó a categoria de melhor qualidade, apesar de evidenciar a presença de Bacillus cereus, o que não pode ser negligenciado no controle sanitário. Concluiu-se que toda cadeia de processamento do leite beneficiado no Brasil ainda necessita de aprimoramento e monitoramento contínuos e que para aperfeiçoamento do CQUALI-Leite infere-se que o direcionamento de ações corretivas para melhoria de produtos deverá ter foco nas regiões Norte e Nordeste, principalmente quanto ao leite pasteurizado.

The processed milk makes up an important part of the food consumed and marketed in the world; however, it is acknowledged as one of the most frequently susceptible food to fraud practices, in need of continuous monitoring of quality and safety. This study aimed to assess the quality of milk processed in Brazil, monitored by the Official Program of the Integrated Center for Food Quality Monitoring (CQUALI-Milk), as a subsidy for improvement and enhancement of this program, focusing corrective actions to improve products with attention on problematic regions. For this, we evaluated the results of official analysis, totalizing 1556 samples of milk from several commercial brands available in the Brazilian retail market. The results show that pasteurized milk was the category with the highest rate of irregularities and the milk powder the category exhibiting the best quality, despite the evidence of Bacillus cereus, which cannot be overlooked in the sanitary control. Milk processing chain in Brazil still needs improvement and a continuous quality monitoring, and to enhance the CQUALI-milk we shall infer that the targeting of corrective actions to improve products should be focused in the North and Northeast regions, especially regarding the pasteurized milks.

Detection of Bacillus cereus isolated during ultra high temperature milk production flowchart through random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction / Detecção de Bacillus cereus isolado durante o fluxograma de produção do leite tratado por ultra alta temperatura através do DNA polimórfico amplificado ao acaso através da reação em cadeia pela polimerase

ABSTRACT: The present study focused on isolation Bacillus cereus during the UHT milk production and shelf life, to assess the enterotoxigenic production capacity of isolates and to evaluate the use of the RAPD-PCR technique to verify whether Bacillus cereus isolated at different phases of UHT milk processing belongs to the same strain. For this, six groups of milk samples composed of raw, pasteurized and UHT milk were collected from a processing plant. The results revealed that bacteria belonging to the Bacillus cereus group were isolated from 51.6%, 81.6% and from 13.8% of raw, pasteurized and UHT milk samples, respectively. About 50.0% of isolates from raw milk, 19.2% isolates from pasteurized milk and 70.7% isolates from UHT milk were capable of producing enterotoxins. It was confirmed the genetic similarity among Bacillus cereus isolates from raw, pasteurized and UHT milk, therefore demonstrating that the microorganism is able to withstand UHT treatment. These results should serve as a warning to health authorities, given that 13.8% of samples were not in accordance with standards established by the Department of Health for containing a potentially pathogen agent, therefore indicating that contamination of milk by sporulating bacteria should be avoided.

RESUMO: Objetivou-se realizar o isolamento de bactérias do grupo do Bacillus cereus e verificação da semelhança genética entre elas, através da PCR-RAPD, durante a produção e vida de prateleira do leite UAT, bem como verificar sua capacidade enterotoxigência. Para isso, foram colhidas em uma usina de beneficiamento seis grupos de amostras de leite compostos cada um por amostras de leite cru, pasteurizado e UAT. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que bactérias do grupo do Bacillus cereus foram isoladas de 51,6% das amostras de leite cru, de 81,6% das de leite pasteurizado e de 13,8% das de leite UAT. Demonstraram-se capazes de produzir enterotoxinas 50,0% dos isolados de leite cru, 19,2% de leite pasteurizado e 70,7% de leite UAT. Também se pode constatar a semelhança genética entre as cepas de Bacillus cereus isoladas do leite cru, pasteurizado e UAT, evidenciando assim que o micro-organismo é capaz de resistir ao tratamento por UAT. Tais resultados devem servir de alerta às autoridades sanitárias, tendo em vista que 13,8% deles estavam em desacordo com o estabelecido pelo Ministério da Saúde, por serem capazes de veicular um agente potencialmente patogênico, demonstrando assim que a contaminação do leite por bactérias esporuladas deve ser motivo de preocupação.

Genetic heterogeneity of Escherichia coli isolated from pasteurized milk in State of Paraná, Brazil

Food contamination caused by enteric pathogens is a major cause of diarrheal disease worldwide, resulting in high morbidity and mortality and significant economic losses. Bacteria are important agents of foodborne diseases, particularly diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. The present study assessed the genetic diversity and antimicrobial resistance of E. coli isolates from pasteurized milk processed in 21 dairies in northwestern State of Parana, Brazil. The 95 E. coli isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing according to the recommendations of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute and assessed genotypically by Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus-Polymerase Chain Reaction (ERIC-PCR). The highest rate of resistance was observed for cephalothin (55.78%). ERIC-PCR revealed high genetic diversity, clustering the 95 bacterial isolates into 90 different genotypic patterns. These results showed a heterogeneous population of E. coli in milk samples produced in the northwestern region of Paraná and the need for good manufacturing practices throughout the processing of pasteurized milk to reduce the risk of foodborne illnesses.

A contaminação de alimentos por patógenos entéricos é uma das principais causas de doenças diarréicas em todo o mundo, resultando em altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade e perdas econômicas significativas. As bactérias são importantes agentes de doenças de origem alimentar, particularmente Escherichia coli diarreiogênicas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a diversidade genética e a resistência a antimicrobianos de E. coli isoladas de leite pasteurizado, processados em 21 laticínios na região noroeste do Paraná - Brasil. Os 95 isolados de E. coli foram submetidos a testes de suscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos de acordo com as recomendações do Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute e avaliados genotipicamente por ERIC-PCR (Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus - Polymerase Chain Reaction). O principal perfil de resistência encontrado entre os isolados foi resistência à cefalotina (55,78%). ERIC-PCR revelou alta diversidade genética, agrupando os 95 isolados bacterianos em 90 diferentes perfis genotípicos. Estes resultados mostraram uma população heterogênea de E. coli em amostras de leite produzido na região noroeste do Paraná e a necessidade de boas práticas na manipulação de todo o processamento de leite pasteurizado, a fim de reduzir o risco de doenças transmitidas por alimentos.

First isolation of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis from commercial pasteurized milk in Argentina

Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis was isolated from two out of seventy samples (2.86 %) of pasteurized and ultra-pasteurized milk. The isolates were positives to IS900 PCR and showed a C17 RFLP pattern, the most prevalent in Argentina. The present study is the first report of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis culture from pasteurized milk in Argentina.

Microbiological profile of milk: Impact of household practices.

Background: Milk is susceptible to contamination by many microorganisms including microbial pathogens responsible for causing diseases. Various processes including pasteurization, boiling or storage under refrigerated conditions are undertaken to minimize the microbial contamination of milk. Objective: This study was undertaken with an objective to evaluate the effect of household practices on the microbiological profile of milk. Materials and Methods: Milk samples of pasteurized, ultra heat treated (UHT) as well as unpasteurized milk (Vendor's milk) were collected. The effect of different storage practices and treatments on the microbiological profile (standard plate count (SPC), coliform, E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus, yeast and moulds, anaerobic spore count, and Listeria monocytogenes) of milk was studied using National/ International Standard Test Methods. Results: Average SPC in vendor's milk was found very high as compared to pasteurized milk. Coliform, yeast and moulds, E. coli, and Staphylococcus aureus were detected in the samples of vendor's as well as pasteurized milk. Boiling the milk reduces SPC and kills the other microorganisms. Storage of boiled milk under room temperature or refrigerated condition resulted in a similar increase in SPC at the end of 24 h, but storage of un-boiled milk even under refrigerated conditions increased SPC manifold after 24 h. Conclusion: The pasteurization process and hygienic conditions at the milk processing units along with cold chain of milk from suppliers to end users needs improvement. Currently, even pasteurized milk does not match the microbiological standards. It is recommended that milk should be boiled before consumption and refrigerated for storage to improve its shelf life/keeping quality.

The microbial content of unexpired pasteurized milk from selected supermarkets in a developing country

Objective: To determine the presence and levels of microbes in unexpired pasteurized milk from randomly selected supermarkets in Kingston, Jamaica. Methods: The quantitative study used a stratified random sampling technique in the selection of the 20 representative milk samples from six (6) supermarkets. Microbiological tests such as methylene blue reduction, standard plate count (SPC), coliform plate count (CPC), purity plate culture, gram staining and biochemical tests were performed to examine the microbes in purchased unexpired pasteurized milk. Results: One sample (BCr016) had a pH of 4.0, a rancid odour and curdled appearance. It decolourized within one hour during the methylene blue reduction test and was classified as class 4 milk. Seven of the samples were sterile with no microbe growth on the plate count agar and violet red bile salt agar (VRBA). The milk samples that appeared to be safe for consumption were all 10, 11, 12 and 13 days before expiration. The VRBA sample BCr016, had a colony count of 13 400 CFU/ mL. There was the presence of Escherichia coli in sample LCr021 which had a standard plate count of 1 580 SPC/mL and a coliform count of 500 CFU/mL. Enterobacter sp. was present in colonies from BCr016 and all the other milk samples. Conclusions: Unacceptable levels of Enterobacter spp. and Escherichiacoli were found in most of the samples. Effective measures to ensure safe milk for human consumption such as the phosphatase test and methylene blue reduction test should be routinely performed on each batch of milk processed by dairy plants.

The microbial content of unexpired pasteurized milk from selected supermarkets in a developing country

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the presence and levels of microbes in unexpired pasteurized milk from randomly selected supermarkets in Kingston, Jamaica.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The quantitative study used a stratified random sampling technique in the selection of the 20 representative milk samples from six (6) supermarkets. Microbiological tests such as methylene blue reduction, standard plate count (SPC), coliform plate count (CPC), purity plate culture, gram staining and biochemical tests were performed to examine the microbes in purchased unexpired pasteurized milk.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>One sample (BCr016) had a pH of 4.0, a rancid odour and curdled appearance. It decolourized within one hour during the methylene blue reduction test and was classified as class 4 milk. Seven of the samples were sterile with no microbe growth on the plate count agar and violet red bile salt agar (VRBA). The milk samples that appeared to be safe for consumption were all 10, 11, 12 and 13 days before expiration. The VRBA sample BCr016, had a colony count of 13 400 CFU/ mL. There was the presence of Escherichia coli in sample LCr021 which had a standard plate count of 1 580 SPC/mL and a coliform count of 500 CFU/mL. Enterobacter sp. was present in colonies from BCr016 and all the other milk samples.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Unacceptable levels of Enterobacter spp. and Escherichia coli were found in most of the samples. Effective measures to ensure safe milk for human consumption such as the phosphatase test and methylene blue reduction test should be routinely performed on each batch of milk processed by dairy plants.</p>

Antimicrobial resistance profiles of enterococci isolated from poultry meat and pasteurized milk in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The enterococci are important nosocomial pathogens with a remarkable capacity of expressing resistance to several antimicrobial agents. Their ubiquitous nature and resistance to adverse environmental conditions take account for their ability to colonize different habitats and for their potential for easy spreading through the food chain. In the present study we evaluated the distribution of species and antimicrobial susceptibility among enterococcal isolates recovered from food obtained in retail stores in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The following species were identified among 167 isolates obtained from poultry meat and 127 from pasteurized milk: Enterococcus faecalis (62.6 percent), E. casseliflavus (17.3 percent), E. durans (6.5 percent), E. gallinarum (3.0 percent), E. gilvus (2.4 percent), E. faecium (2.0 percent), E. hirae (1.4 percent), and E. sulfureus (1.0 percent). The overall percentages of antimicrobial resistant isolates were: 31.2 percent to tetracycline, 23.8 percent to erythromycin, 11.3 percent to streptomycin, 4.3 percent to chloramphenicol, 3.9 percent to gentamicin, 1.4 percent to norfloxacin, 1.1 percent to imipenem, 0.7 percent to ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, and penicillin, and 0.4 percent to ampicillin. Intermediate resistance was detected in frequencies varying from 0.5 percent for linezolid to 58.2 percent for erythromycin. None of the isolates showed resistance to glycopeptides. High-level resistance to aminoglycosides was observed in 13.1 percent of the isolates. Multiresistance was observed in E. faecalis, E. casseliflavus, E. faecium, E. gallinarum, E. durans and E. gilvus.

Avaliaçäo da qualidade físico-química e microbiológica do leite pasteurizado proveniente de mini e micro-usinas de beneficiamento da regiäo de Ribeiräo Preto/SP / Physicochemical and microbiological quality evaluation of the pasteurized milk processed by mini and microprocessing lants of the area of Ribeiräo Preto, State of Säo Paulo - Brazil

Foram analisadas, de 1995 a 1998, 390 amostras de leite (123 tipo C, 86 tipo B, e 181 tipo Integral) provenientes de dezesseis mini e micro-usinas da regiäo de Ribeiräo Preto/SP. Dentre essas usinas, dez foram submetidas a um estudo longitudinal, ou seja, as amostras de leite foram analisadas durante 4 anos, sendo que cada ano correspdeu a um período. Os estabelecimentos foram fiscalizados por um médico veterinário do Serviço de Inspeçäo de Säo Paulo que, mediante os resultados das análises de leite, orientava os responsáveis pelas usinas. Dentre o total de amostras estudadas, observou-se que estavam em desacordo com os padröes físico-químicos e microbiológicos, estabelecidos pela legislaçäo em vigor, 15,5 por cento e 32,5 por cento do tipo C; 37,2 por cento e 32,6 por cento do leite tipo B e 30,9 por cento e 31,0 por cento do tipo Integral, respectivamente. Na avaliaçäo das dez mini e micro-usinas estudadas durante os 4 anos observou-se, quanto a qualidade microbiológica, que o leite tipo B apresentou uma melhora a partir do terceiro período de estudo; o de tipo Integral também no terceiro período e depois manteve níveis um pouco mais altos no decorrer do estudo. Os dados mostraram que a fiscalizaçäo e orientaçäo resultaram em uma maior adequaçäo nas condiçöes higiênico-sanitárias do leite. O mesmo näo foi observado em relaçäo às características físico-químicas. (AU)

The objective of this research was to investigate the physicochemical and microbiological quality of pasteurized milk processed by mini and microprocessing plants of the area of Ribeirão Preto, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The total of 390 samples of pasteurized milk types C,B and whole were analyzed for their physicochemical and microbiological conditions. Ten of this mini and microprocessing plants were submmited a longitudinal study, and their milk samples were analized during four years. These factories were supervised by a veterinary of the Agricultural Secretary of São Paulo State who guided each responsible for factory about the results of the milk analises. The microbiological analysis showed that 32.5% of 123 samples of type C milk, 32.6% of 86 samples of type B milk and 31.0% of 181 samples of whole milk did not comply with the legal standards established by the Brasilian legislation. By the physicochemical analysis 15.5%, 37.2% e 30.9%, respectively, did not comply with legal standards in Brazil. Salmonella were negative in all samples. The evaluation of ten mini and microprocessing plants showed that the microbiological quality of the type B milk has a improved in the last two years, the type C milk showed an improvement only in the second year of the study and the type whole milk showed a significant improvement in the third period of study. The results of this study showed that the inspection and guidance resulted in improvement of the sanitary-hygienic quality of these products. (AU)